Selasa, 22 Februari 2011

Handling of terrorism and human rights


Handling of terrorism and human rights

By Tommy Apriando


The shooting of terrorism suspects by the Special Detachment (Densus) lately a lot of the spotlight. Their deadly shooting is still suspected perpetrators of terrorism is a violation of Human Rights. Some doubt the police statement stating that terrorist networks have a scenario to kidnap and kill a number of leaders including representatives of the country while warning August 17th, 2010  and stated that the targets the Head of State. People are also leery about the statement of President Yudhoyono that the terrorists practicing to shoot himself or make Cikeas as a point target.
Some circles deplored the action of suspected terrorists by firing squad Densus 88. As an elite unit that controls the high skill, Densus 88 should be enough to paralyze any action, instead of deadly. More over, to the suspects who have surrendered or powerless. 

In addition it is useful to attempt a comprehensive disclosure of the terrorist network, also in line with the de-radicalization programs developed anti-terror desk (now the Agency for prevention of Terrorism) three ministries.

Action shot dead also showed the weakness of police intelligence information possessed, especially Densus 88. Because after the suspect shot dead, police just look busy finding and proving the identity of persons who have become corpses. Even in the recent terrorist ambush in Bekasi and Sukoharjo, the police finally decided to bury two bodies in the status as "unidentified bodies". This caused the police did not know the identity of the suspect and also none of the family who recognizes the victim as a member of his family. As a result, allegations emerged that the police had re-using ways of extra judicial killings, as was once used security forces to kill thugs in 1982-1985.

Government of Indonesia, since the government of President Megawati, it has taken various steps revamping intelligence work in relation to the eradication of terrorism. akin has been changed to BIN. TNI (formerly ABRI) is no longer involved in efforts to combat terrorism. The war against terrorism all by police under a special unit Densus 88. , visible changes are not accompanied by fundamental changes in the intelligence agencies should be prepared as part of the national security system and accountable, democratic and respecting human rights.

On October 18rd, 2002 Indonesian Government Regulation in Lieu of Law (PERPPU) Decree No. 1 Year 2002 on Combating Criminal Acts of Terrorism. Middle of the many challenges of this PERPPU, on 4th April 2003 President Megawati would strengthen PERPPU became Act No. 15 of 2003. This law was criticized various circles because it still included the threat of the death penalty for perpetrators of terrorism. Also the police authority as set forth in Article 25 Paragraph (2), "For the purposes of investigation and prosecution, the investigator is authorized to make arrests of suspects than 6 (six)months. "In addition, the investigators also have, to arrest people without having people arrested for a lawyer while undergoing inspection. It is stated in Article 28, "can arrested against any person who allegedly committed the crime of terrorism based on evidence sufficient to start no later than 7 x 24 hours."
Law No. 15 of 2003 also threaten individual rights through action to telephone tapping, surveillance and so on which bank book solely based on intelligence reports. This is a novelty in criminal procedure in which the intelligence report as one means of proof, as already stipulated in Law no. 8 of 1981 on the draft Criminal Procedure Act (Procedure Code).

In addition, Law no. 15 in 2003 to threaten the independence of the judicial system, the involvement of non-judicial such as intelligence apparatus and military intelligence. This could cripple public scrutiny of legal institutions with the involvement of non-judicial nature of intelligence legal process. This law also pre-trial mechanism comes from the Anglo-Saxon system but did not adopt the judicial system, it can negate the rights of defendants to file an objection (habeas corpus). Moreover, this mechanism is the possibility the individual's right to use the pretrial procedures as stipulated in the Criminal Code as the sole mechanism of habeas corpus as a means of control.
Act No. 15 of 2003 also provides an opportunity misuse of state power in particular giving ample opportunity to intelligence, good intelligence from the BIN and the military for other purposes that are intended to prevent or collect information relating to terrorism. In addition, Act 15 of 2003 protects the perpetrators of abuses of power committed by the bank or financial institution, either an act of leakage of bank secrecy, fraud, corruption and so on as an act of administrative error only.

There is also concern that the independence of the judiciary against the interference and involvement of agencies such as State Intelligence Agency (BIN) and the Indonesian National Army (TNI). Especially with the Article 26 paragraph (1) of Law 15/2003 in which investigators can use any Reports of intelligence as evidence of the beginning. In fact, in principle, intelligence reports can be used as evidence because the criminal justice system applies tranparation principle and accountability. This principle will not be met by the intelligence institutions, including intelligence reports. intelligence in the investigation clearly contrary to law. Investigation and intelligence are two different things. Investigation report is for a lawful purpose.

Intelligence reports that could not be evidence of the beginning because I did not get it in accordance with the draft Criminal Procedure Code (Criminal Code). Intelligence reports did not find evidence, suspects, witnesses or if the scene (TKP).
Law 15/2003 cripple public scrutiny of legal institutions. The involvement of intelligence in the legal process becomes weakness of this Act. Pre-trial mechanism adopted from the Anglo-Saxon system, without adopting the judicial system can actually negate the rights to lodge an objection (habeas corpus). This mechanism is the possibility of individual rights to use the Pre-trial procedure as a means of control. The mechanism of pre-trial admissibility in the process is the mechanism whereby a single judge to determine validity of evidence beginning.

Several articles in the Law 15/2003 also contrary to the Penal Code. Article 25 of Law15/2003 states for the purposes of investigation and prosecution, the investigator is authorized to make arrests of suspects than 6 (six) months. And, Article 28 mentions the investigator to conduct the arrest of any person who allegedly committed the crime of terrorism based on evidence sufficient to start no later than 7 x 24 hours. Meanwhile, the Criminal Procedure Code provides a maximum detention time of only 1 x 24 hours.

The period of detention is also a for torture. The case of Abu Khaida in Surabaya is an example. At that time, states did not resist. Abu Khaida released. But, it turns out other institutions to capture and abuse him.
In addition, Article 8 of Law 15/2003 arbitrarily set 18 acts as criminal acts of terrorism. Determination of these acts regardless of the impact element as a typical crime of terror. At the point (q) of Article 8 of Law 15/2003 states that one of the acts of terrorism is "in the aircraft perform acts that may endanger the safety of aircraft in flight". This article can ensnare a person who turned on the radio or HP on the plane. It threatens civil liberties.

Now Densus 88 is the eradication of terrorism. They have done a good job. However, 88 of resistance should focus on terrorism. However, the fact Detachment 88arrests against acts that are not related to terrorism. Densus 88 arrested a teacher in the field who are suspected leakage school exam. Follow this by Densus 88 as a criminal act of terrorism. Densus 88 arrested also a defender of human rights in Papua on the grounds SMS spreading terror. Finally, Detachment arrest people suspected of committing acts of terrorism in Freeport. Detachment 88 was also arrested Ariana and her daughter.
Qualification unit Densus 88 is generally in the destruction of buildings, transportation, hostage. Capacity is not reached on the model of suicide bombings. Any unit, whether from military or police, no one has been able to detect or executing these suicide bombers. This becomes a problem because of how law and human rights can be enforced if the perpetrator was killed along with the bomb.

Acts of terrorism is an extra-ordinary crime. Handling is not quite the ordinary criminal procedure. However, retained legal certainty. Therefore, the necessary effort to avoid any discrepancy between the response and the development of the fastest growing mode of terrorism. Dangers of handling extra-ordinary is the occurrence of overdose should therefore be no restrictions. The role of intelligence should be included within the framework of law enforcement because it is basically just for the intelligence forces of war.

When European countries using or reading issues of terrorism, the framework used is the human rights framework in parallel with the handling of other frameworks. Indonesian legal framework of overlapping and emerged as the solution of actual problems. For example, more likely reactive than the predatory political motive. The three pillars of governance, law and human rights framework must work in an integrated framework. The hope in the future is the involvement of the TNI to assist police in combating terrorism is okay with a valid reason and through political decisions the country but the performance required to respect and uphold human rights.

Tranlators by Bethari Mutiara

Intelligence is tool’s of power ?


Intelligence is tool’s of power ?

oleh  Tommy Apriando 

"The authorities will continue to make intelligence as his pet, to survive in a throne."


Since the collapse of the ruling and the New Order regime that had supported them in all out (full), Indonesian Intelligence Service when it becomes like a chick who lost their mother. Intelligence lose grip so it looks as though unable to stand firm. This is understandable because the New Order regime is a major client of intelligence. At the moment it happened a mutually beneficial relationship between the intelligence with the New Order government, which is a mutual commitment to securing their positions. People must still remember the riots of July 1998, burning, looting and rape of villagers along the descent is a horrible incident of human memory. Unfortunately the incident until now there has been also discovered who the mastermind, as well as ethnic clashes in Ambon, Poso, Sampit or terror attack in the small scale such as the bombing victims who do not eat as well as large scale as the Bali bombing tragedy, I and II, tragedy JW Mariot and Kuningan bombing tragedy, terror in Aceh and Central Java.
These facts encourage the community turned its attention to the performance of our intelligence. Although some time ago, the performance of intelligence has proven its success in capturing the terror network and the killing of Dr. Azahari and Noordin M Top as the most wanted terrorist leader in Indonesian security authorities over the last few years other terrorists who succeeded in catching in some areas of Indonesia , but people still do not believe that the threat of terror has vanished in Indonesia. That means the performance of the intelligence world is still questionable. In addition to highlighting the aspects of the results, performance intelligence also get the spotlight, especially in four ways. First, in terms of organizational structure and coordination of these agencies. Second, with regard to professionalism in early detection. Third, with regard to guarantee the performance of this institution values of Human Rights . Fourth, related aspects of supervision of these institutions. Besides the four factors that intelligence agencies are still doubtful whether they have been completely free from the characteristics of an authoritarian government intelligence is loaded with political interest, not as the eyes and ears of policy makers to protect the people. This is because the function of intelligence is only as a political tool ruler.
Might be we still remember the intelligence in the reign of Soeharto in power in such a strong and influential, until there is a single incident did not even reached the ears of intelligence. Major cases can be resolved before widespread everywhere. Particularly cases concerned with the power of Suharto, Intelligence will use all means to put it. 

Events Priok for example, cases of human rights violations occurred during the New Order regime based on intelligence scenarios designed for the rebellion broke out, so they has a reason to destroy the people who are considered dangerous for the president's powers. Winning at the dominant so that the role of intelligence in determining government policy, Suharto was aware of the importance of the role of intelligence and use its power to bulldoze his political opponents. In spite of it all, the performance of intelligence at this time slowly began to find direction, although improvements are needed in several rows, associated with poor coordination, weak-line detection of Intelligence and put forward the principle of human rights in intelligence operations, and intelligence confirmed who is their client itself.

Lack of coordination
Lack of coordination of intelligence is a reality. One reason is the absence of legal protection that is strong enough. Until now there is no equivalent legal protection law that has been made through the democratic process to make coordination betweenintelligence organizations in Indonesia. The provisions of existing law is based on unilateral initiatives of the executive without involving lengthy discussions with the legislature. This is for example through the Presidential Instruction No. 5 of 2002 which provides authority for the leadership of the State Intelligence Agency to coordinate all intelligence activities in a democratic country, the provisions of such laws is certainly not adequate. Equal legal protection Act is expected to improve the performance of the entire intelligence community in Indonesia. The need for coordination, it also implies that the intelligence community must be distinguished from the motion.
Rather, what emerged from the government is the idea to enable Command Territorial (KOTER). There are two views on proposals to strengthen the intelligence capacity by reactivating the TNI intelligence functions through the building structure territorial. On one side, there are rejected because they are going to be an entry point for the TNI to return to the New Order. This view is based on the premise that the principal function of the TNI is facing the threat of military attack from outside. There is concern that if the military used to perform the domestic intelligence function, then the principal function of the TNI would be ineffective and may even be more complicate efforts to bring the military into a professional army. The second view which supports the idea. This view is most likely based on the idea that the intelligence capacity of BIN and the police to deal with terrorists is very limited because it needs to be strengthened by TNI.

Weak Detection of Intelligence
Terror and conflict in Indonesia, illustrates the weakness of the intelligence capacity to conduct preemptive and preventive efforts in preventing the turmoil, terror and conflict. And as long as they adhere to contingency escalation, in theory will be preceded by the preceding situations, they refer to as pre-conflict. Not easy to find answers why they always missed. There is one reason of the competition between the military and police regarding security space in the country which led to weak coordination of intelligence. Indonesian intelligence as if moving on their own.
Actually police had a good files, the problem lies in the good will to take action towards the eradication of crime that occurred. During this time, police work according to laws and regulations that are applicable. The pattern of work, gather evidence of law to ensnare people suspected as perpetrators of crime. However, it turns out is very limited knowledge of police intelligence in the investigation and a little about the investigation. Looking at the above mentioned conditions it is necessary to improve the working methods of intelligence. Both state-level intelligence, military and police personnel.

Put forward the principle of human rights in the Operations Intelligence
A democratic country should ideally have some intelligence agencies are given the authority and latitude appear different to prevent intelligence agencies with the authority is too broad. Also lunge kick intelligence apparatus in addition to being able to provide an analysis of the intensity of security threats and criminal, should also always consider the parameters of human rights as a universal value. If not, then the performance of intelligence than would invite international condemnation, the intelligence apparatus will become month-monthly international human rights movement.
For that intelligence operation should be based on international standards for intelligence operations to avoid allegations of human rights violations. Council of Europe adopted at least six principles that must be met when the government special powers of intelligence agencies is applied, particularly in the context of counter-terrorism efforts. First, all efforts to counter terrorism must respect human rights and state law supremacy and avoid all forms of discriminatory or racist acts. Second, all counter-terrorism action must be based on the law and an act that limits the fulfillment of human rights must be defined clearly as possible and proportionate to the objectives to be achieved. Third, the use of methods of treatment or punishment of torture or inhuman or degrading should not be done in any situation, especially when the arrest, interrogation, and detention of a suspect or accused terrorists. Fourth, the act of gathering information in the context of counter-terrorism efforts can only violate individual private rooms only when an action is already regulated by domestic law, proportionate to the intended purpose of such act, and can be monitored by an independent external agency. Fifth, all counter-terrorism measures must be planned and controlled by the authorities to avoid the use of violence to a minimum. Use of weapons by the concerned authorities should be done with strict limits and adjusted with the objective to be achieved. Sixth, in whatever condition the country is not allowed to make violations of the right to life, prohibition of torture and inhuman treatment, the principle of legality of the statements and actions, and the prohibition of entry into effect of the criminal law retrospective.

Client intelligence
Judging from some intelligence performance correction that has been run, there are some that need to be repaired and there are some that need to be maintained. His inability to resolve many cases of making people guess, probably every terror or the conflict of intelligence come into play in it, if it absolutely clear that the performance intelligence merely as a political tool at any time ruler that their information could be purchased to divert national issue that threatens the ruling.
Nevertheless the existence of intelligence in a country is absolutely necessary, as manifested by DR. AC Manullang, intelligence is the eyes, ears, nose, tongue and mind. A country without intelligence is blind, but of course the intelligence that always creates a sense of security to the people and use one system client organization, where intelligence is only serving one client that is the People.


Tranlator by Bethari Mutiara